A drug class blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme, used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in the knee, a common sports injury often requiring surgical reconstruction.
Commonly called a heart attack, it occurs when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing tissue damage.
An unwanted or harmful reaction experienced after the administration of a drug, which may range from mild to life-threatening.
The medical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating allergic diseases, asthma, and disorders of the immune system.
Procedures such as skin prick or blood tests to identify specific allergens triggering immune responses.
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes, most common in older adults.
A medication that relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness, including acetaminophen and NSAIDs.
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction requiring immediate treatment with epinephrine.
The branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts, foundational to medical education and surgical practice.
A condition in which the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues.
Medical state of controlled loss of sensation, induced by drugs for surgical procedures or pain management.
The practice of medicine specializing in perioperative care, pain management, and the administration of anesthesia during surgical procedures.
An abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel that can rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding.
Chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often a symptom of coronary artery disease.
A procedure to open narrowed or blocked arteries using a balloon catheter, often with stent placement.
A substance that neutralizes stomach acid, used to relieve heartburn, indigestion, and GERD symptoms.
Policies, regulations, and testing practices that prevent the use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances and methods in sports.
A substance reducing inflammation, including NSAIDs and corticosteroids.
A medication that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria, used to treat bacterial infections.
The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics, a growing global health concern driven by overuse and misuse of antimicrobials.
A protein produced by B lymphocytes that binds specific antigens to neutralize pathogens or mark them for destruction.
A drug that prevents blood clot formation, used to treat and prevent thromboembolic disorders.
A medication used to treat depression and other mood disorders, including SSRIs, SNRIs, and tricyclics.
A drug that prevents or treats nausea and vomiting.
A medication used to treat fungal infections affecting skin, nails, or internal organs.
Any substance that triggers an immune response, including pathogens, allergens, and transplanted tissues.
A drug blocking histamine receptors, used to treat allergies, itching, and some cold symptoms.
Any medication used to lower elevated blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk.
Coordinated interventions to improve and measure appropriate use of antimicrobials to combat resistance.
A medication that reduces fever, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
Combination HIV medications suppressing viral replication and preventing disease progression.
A substance applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of infection by killing microorganisms.
A drug relieving smooth muscle spasms, used in gastrointestinal and urinary conditions.
A medication inhibiting viral replication, used for influenza, HIV, hepatitis, and herpes infections.
A group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear, worry, and physiological arousal.
A medication reducing anxiety, including benzodiazepines and certain antidepressants.
The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation.
Programmed cell death, a normal and controlled process in the body's growth or development, crucial for maintaining healthy tissues.
Surgical removal of the appendix, typically performed for acute appendicitis.
An irregular heartbeat caused by abnormal electrical activity in the heart, which may be too fast, too slow, or erratic.
A blood test measuring oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels to assess respiratory and metabolic function.
A blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues (except pulmonary arteries).
Minimally invasive joint surgery using a small camera and instruments inserted through tiny incisions.
A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
An irregular and often rapid heart rhythm that increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, and other complications.
A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity affecting daily functioning.
A developmental condition affecting communication, behavior, and social interaction across a wide spectrum of severity.
A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, such as in lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or celiac disease.
The ethical principle of acting in the patient's best interest and promoting their well-being.
Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland in older men, causing urinary symptoms.
A drug blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, and heart failure.
The proportion of a drug or substance that enters the systemic circulation when introduced into the body and is able to have an active effect.
A measurable indicator of a biological condition or disease state, used in diagnosis, monitoring, and predicting treatment response.
Removal of a tissue sample for microscopic examination to diagnose disease, especially cancer.
A medical procedure obtaining tissue samples from organs, skin, or bone marrow for diagnostic analysis.
The application of statistical methods to biological and health-related data, essential for designing clinical trials and interpreting medical research.
A mood disorder involving alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression.
A drug class slowing bone loss, used to treat and prevent osteoporosis.
A laboratory test to detect bacteria or fungi in the bloodstream, essential for diagnosing sepsis.
A measure of body fat based on weight relative to height, commonly used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems.
Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, causing cough and mucus production; may be acute or chronic.
A medication relaxing airway smooth muscle to improve breathing in asthma and COPD.
A blood marker of inflammation used to assess infection, autoimmune activity, and cardiovascular risk.
A state in which fewer calories are consumed than the body expends, leading to weight loss as the body uses stored energy reserves.
The smallest blood vessels where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between blood and tissues.
A macronutrient and primary energy source including sugars, starches, and fiber found in grains, fruits, and vegetables.
The branch of medicine that deals with diseases and abnormalities of the heart and cardiovascular system, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
An emergency lifesaving procedure combining chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain circulation during cardiac arrest.
An observational study comparing individuals with a condition (cases) to those without (controls) to identify risk factors.
Insertion of a thin tube into a body cavity, duct, or vessel for diagnosis, drainage, or medication delivery.
An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion, damaging the small intestine and impairing nutrient absorption.
The brain and spinal cord, integrating and processing sensory information and motor commands.
Clear fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord providing cushioning and nutrient transport.
Surgical delivery of a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus when vaginal delivery is unsafe or not possible.
Use of chemical drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells throughout the body.
A waxy lipid essential for cell membranes and hormones; elevated LDL cholesterol increases cardiovascular risk.
Gradual loss of kidney function over time, often caused by diabetes or hypertension, potentially leading to kidney failure.
A group of progressive lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, causing airflow obstruction and breathing difficulty.
A research study conducted with human participants to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or interventions.
A structured psychotherapy focusing on changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviors to improve emotional regulation.
An observational study following a group over time to assess how exposures affect outcomes.
Endoscopic examination of the colon using a flexible scope to screen for polyps and colorectal cancer.
A common blood test measuring red cells, white cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets.
An imaging technique using X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body.
A type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, temporarily affecting brain function and requiring careful management.
The ethical and legal obligation of healthcare providers to protect personal health information shared by patients during medical care.
An extraneous factor associated with both exposure and outcome that can distort study results if not controlled.
The process of identifying and monitoring individuals exposed to an infectious disease to prevent further spread.
A specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may harm the patient.
Open-heart surgery creating new routes around blocked coronary arteries using graft vessels.
Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup, reducing blood supply to the heart.
Anti-inflammatory hormones used to treat asthma, autoimmune disease, allergic reactions, and adrenal insufficiency.
A waste product measured in blood and urine to evaluate kidney function.
The medical specialty providing life support and intensive monitoring for patients with severe, life-threatening illness or injury.
The molecule carrying genetic instructions for development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms.
Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg, which can break loose and cause pulmonary embolism.
Delivery of an electric shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm during life-threatening arrhythmias.
An acute, fluctuating disturbance in attention and cognition, often caused by medical illness or medication.
A group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily life.
A mood disorder causing persistent sadness, loss of interest, and impaired daily functioning, with biological and psychological components.
The branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes.
A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.
A serious complication of diabetes caused by high blood sugar and excess ketones, requiring urgent medical treatment.
A procedure filtering waste and excess fluid from the blood when kidneys fail, via hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
The primary muscle of respiration separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Indigestible plant material promoting digestive health, blood sugar control, and cholesterol reduction.
Products containing vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, or other dietary substances intended to supplement the diet.
The systematic process of distinguishing a particular disease from others with similar clinical presentations.
A medication increasing urine output to reduce fluid overload in hypertension and heart failure.
A medical order instructing healthcare providers not to perform CPR if a patient's breathing or heartbeat stops.
A trial design where neither participants nor investigators know who receives active treatment versus placebo.
A reaction between two or more drugs, or between a drug and a food, beverage, or supplement, that changes the effectiveness or side effects.
Mental health conditions involving disturbed eating behaviors and body image, including anorexia and bulimia.
Ultrasound imaging of the heart to assess structure, valve function, and pumping efficiency.
A chronic inflammatory skin condition causing itchy, red, and dry patches, often beginning in childhood.
A recording of the heart's electrical activity used to detect arrhythmias, ischemia, and other cardiac conditions.
A test recording electrical activity of the brain, used to diagnose epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
Blood tests measuring sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate to assess fluid balance and organ function.
A digital version of a patient's medical history maintained by healthcare providers over time.
The medical specialty focused on the immediate decision-making and action necessary to prevent death or further disability in acute illness and injury.
A lung condition in which the air sacs are damaged, reducing oxygen exchange and causing shortness of breath.
A disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area, with a constant baseline level of occurrence.
The network of glands secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions.
The branch of medicine concerned with the endocrine system, its diseases, and hormonal imbalances such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and metabolic syndromes.
Visual examination of internal organs using a flexible tube with a camera, including gastroscopy and colonoscopy.
A laboratory technique detecting antibodies or antigens in blood, widely used for infectious disease and allergy testing.
A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population or area.
The study of how diseases spread, their patterns and causes in populations, used to control health problems and inform evidence-based policies.
A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Substances, devices, or practices that enhance energy production, recovery, or performance in sport and exercise.
A blood cell containing hemoglobin that transports oxygen from lungs to tissues.
Fats the body cannot synthesize, including omega-3 and omega-6, required for brain function and cell structure.
The conscientious use of current best evidence from clinical research in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
The study of acute and chronic bodily responses to physical activity and training.
EU regulation governing collection, storage, and processing of personal data including sensitive health information.
The study of the digestive system and its disorders, covering the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Chronic reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus causing heartburn, regurgitation, and potential esophageal damage.
A unit of heredity consisting of DNA sequences that code for proteins or functional RNA molecules.
The surgical specialty treating a broad range of conditions affecting the abdomen, digestive tract, endocrine system, breast, skin, and soft tissues.
A medication with the same active ingredient, strength, and dosage form as a brand-name drug, typically at lower cost.
The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics, including gene mutations, genetic disorders, and genomic medicine.
The branch of medicine focused on health care of elderly people, aiming to promote health, prevent and treat diseases and disabilities.
A protein found in wheat, barley, and rye that triggers immune response in celiac disease.
A form of inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystal deposition in joints, typically affecting the big toe.
The medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive system including the uterus, ovaries, and breasts.
US legislation establishing standards for protecting sensitive patient health information from disclosure.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection progressively damages the immune system; AIDS is the most advanced stage.
The time required for the concentration of a drug in the body to decrease by half.
Glycated hemoglobin test reflecting average blood glucose over the past 2–3 months, key for diabetes monitoring.
Preventable differences in health outcomes and access to care among population groups.
The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health through education, community programs, and supportive environments.
A condition in which the heart cannot pump blood effectively enough to meet the body's needs.
A heat-related illness from excessive fluid and salt loss during exercise in hot conditions.
A life-threatening emergency when body temperature exceeds 40°C due to failed thermoregulation during exertion.
The study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases including anemia, hemophilia, blood clots, leukemia, and lymphoma.
A dialysis method filtering blood through an external machine and artificial kidney filter.
The iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport.
Inflammation of the liver, commonly caused by viral infection (A, B, C), alcohol, toxins, or autoimmune disease.
A form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection.
An ethical code historically taken by physicians, pledging to practice medicine honestly and to uphold specific ethical standards of care.
The study of the microscopic structure of tissues, essential for understanding how cells organize into functional structures and organs.
The ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions such as temperature, pH, and glucose levels despite external changes.
A chemical messenger secreted by glands that regulates physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
The process of maintaining adequate fluid levels in the body, essential for cellular function, temperature regulation, and organ health.
Elevated levels of lipids (cholesterol and/or triglycerides) in the blood, increasing cardiovascular disease risk.
Persistently elevated blood pressure, a major risk factor for stroke, heart disease, and kidney failure.
Overactivity of the thyroid gland causing increased metabolism, weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and heat intolerance.
Underactivity of the thyroid gland leading to slowed metabolism, fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.
Surgical removal of the uterus, performed for various gynecological conditions including fibroids and cancer.
The body's coordinated defense against pathogens involving innate and adaptive immunity.
The process of inducing immunity against infectious diseases through vaccination.
The study of the immune system, including innate and adaptive immunity, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies.
A drug reducing immune system activity, used in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
The number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specified time period.
A minor surgical procedure opening an abscess or collection to drain pus and relieve infection.
The medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control, and treatment of infections, including those caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
The body's protective response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
Chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
A contagious viral respiratory illness causing fever, cough, body aches, and fatigue; can lead to serious complications.
The process by which a patient or research participant is made aware of the risks, benefits, and alternatives before agreeing to a procedure or study.
Voluntary agreement to treatment based on adequate understanding of risks, benefits, and alternatives.
Anti-inflammatory medication delivered directly to the lungs for long-term asthma and COPD control.
A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
A hormone essential for glucose uptake, used as injectable therapy for diabetes management.
The medical specialty dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases, serving as the foundation for many subspecialties.
A subspecialty of cardiology using catheter-based procedures such as angioplasty and stent placement to treat heart and vascular disease.
Administration of fluids or medications directly into a vein for rapid systemic effect.
Insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea to maintain an airway and enable mechanical ventilation.
A functional gastrointestinal disorder causing abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits without structural damage.
Inability to digest lactose due to lactase deficiency, causing bloating and diarrhea after dairy consumption.
Minimally invasive abdominal surgery using a laparoscope inserted through small incisions.
A substance promoting bowel movements, used to treat or prevent constipation.
Cancer of the blood-forming tissues, causing abnormal white blood cell production and impaired immune function.
Immune cells defending against infection and participating in inflammatory and allergic responses.
Blood tests measuring total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides to assess cardiovascular risk.
The largest internal organ, performing detoxification, protein synthesis, bile production, and metabolism.
Blood tests measuring enzymes and proteins such as ALT, AST, and bilirubin to evaluate liver health.
Collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the lower spine for diagnosis of infections, bleeding, or neurological disease.
A network of vessels and nodes transporting lymph, filtering pathogens, and supporting immune function.
Cancer of the lymphatic system, including Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin types, affecting lymph nodes and immune cells.
Nutrients required in large amounts — carbohydrates, proteins, and fats — that provide energy and are essential for growth and metabolism.
Imaging using magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues without ionizing radiation.
A mood disorder with persistent depressed mood, anhedonia, and functional impairment lasting at least two weeks.
A condition resulting from insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced nutrient intake affecting health and development.
X-ray imaging of the breast used for early detection and screening of breast cancer.
Use of a ventilator to support or replace spontaneous breathing in critically ill patients.
The field of study examining moral principles in medical practice, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
A dietary pattern rich in fruits, vegetables, olive oil, fish, and whole grains, associated with cardiovascular benefits.
The most serious type of skin cancer, arising from melanocytes and capable of spreading to other organs.
A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies to draw broader conclusions about a particular research question.
The set of chemical reactions in living organisms that convert food to energy, build cellular structures, and eliminate waste products.
A first-line oral medication for type 2 diabetes that reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.
The study of microscopic organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on human health.
Essential vitamins and minerals required in small quantities for proper physiological function, growth, and disease prevention.
A neurological condition causing recurrent moderate to severe headaches, often with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light.
Cellular organelles producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, often called the cell's powerhouses.
The condition of being diseased or the rate of disease in a population.
The frequency of death in a defined population during a specified interval.
An autoimmune disease damaging the myelin sheath of nerves, causing varied neurological symptoms over time.
A class of drugs reducing pain, fever, and inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes.
The subspecialty of pediatrics caring for newborn infants, especially those who are premature, ill, or require intensive care.
The branch of medicine that deals with kidney function, kidney diseases, dialysis, and renal transplantation.
The branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
The fundamental unit of the nervous system specialized in transmitting electrical and chemical signals.
The surgical specialty treating disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another, playing key roles in mood, memory, and motor control.
The ethical obligation to avoid causing harm to patients — 'first, do no harm.'
The default assumption in research that there is no significant difference or relationship between studied variables.
The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth, encompassing macronutrients, micronutrients, and dietary patterns.
Excess body fat accumulation to a degree that impairs health, typically defined by BMI ≥ 30 kg/m².
Excess adipose tissue from sustained positive energy balance, associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
A disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
The branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, ensuring the health of both mother and child.
The branch of medicine focused on the prevention and management of work-related injuries, illnesses, and environmental exposures.
The study and treatment of tumors and cancer, encompassing diagnosis, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and palliative care.
Data that is freely available for anyone to use, modify, and share, promoting transparency and collaboration in health research.
The branch of medicine specializing in the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eye, including surgical and medical treatments.
A class of potent analgesics acting on opioid receptors; effective for pain but with risk of dependence and overdose.
Surgical transfer of a donor organ (heart, kidney, liver, lung) to replace a failing organ.
The branch of medicine dealing with the correction and prevention of deformities, disorders, or injuries of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles.
Degenerative joint disease caused by breakdown of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
A condition of weakened bones with increased fracture risk, commonly affecting postmenopausal women and older adults.
Also known as ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat), this specialty addresses conditions of the ear, nose, throat, head, and neck.
A sudden rise in cases of a disease confined to a localized area or group.
Medications available without a prescription for self-treatment of common conditions.
A condition resulting from excessive exercise without adequate rest, leading to decreased performance, fatigue, mood disturbances, and increased injury risk.
The probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
Surgical placement of a device that regulates heart rhythm by sending electrical impulses.
Specialized medical care focused on relieving suffering and improving quality of life for patients with serious, chronic, or life-limiting illness.
An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area, crossing international boundaries and affecting a large number of people.
An anxiety disorder featuring recurrent unexpected panic attacks and persistent worry about future attacks.
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.
A microorganism or agent capable of causing disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
The study of the causes and effects of diseases, involving laboratory examination of body tissues, fluids, and organs for diagnostic purposes.
The right of patients to make informed decisions about their own medical care without undue influence from healthcare providers.
The branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents up to the age of 18.
The evaluation of scientific work by others who are experts in the same field, ensuring quality and validity before publication.
Sores in the stomach or duodenal lining, often caused by H. pylori infection or NSAID use.
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord connecting the CNS to limbs and organs.
The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body — 'what the drug does to the body.'
The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs over time — often summarized as 'what the body does to the drug.'
The science of drugs, their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.
A systematic assessment of a patient through inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
The medical specialty restoring function and quality of life to patients with physical impairments or disabilities through therapy and adaptive strategies.
The scientific study of normal functions and mechanisms in living organisms, including cellular, organ, and systemic processes.
An inactive substance or treatment used as a control in experiments to test the effectiveness of active medications or procedures.
A beneficial health outcome resulting from a patient's belief in treatment rather than the active pharmacological agent.
The surgical specialty concerned with reconstruction, restoration, or alteration of the human body.
Small blood cell fragments essential for blood clotting and wound healing.
Infection causing inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus.
A hormonal disorder in women causing irregular periods, excess androgens, and ovarian cysts.
A molecular technique amplifying DNA or RNA to detect pathogens, genetic mutations, and viral load.
A condition developing after exposure to trauma, causing flashbacks, hypervigilance, and avoidance.
The proportion of a population found to have a condition at a specific time.
Medical practices and policies designed to avert and avoid disease through vaccinations, screenings, lifestyle counseling, and community health interventions.
Treatment given to prevent disease rather than treat an existing condition, such as antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery.
A blood test used to screen for prostate cancer and monitor treatment response.
A macronutrient composed of amino acids essential for tissue repair, enzyme function, and immune response.
A chronic autoimmune skin disease causing thick, scaly, inflamed patches due to accelerated skin cell turnover.
The medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
A mental state involving loss of contact with reality, including hallucinations and delusions.
Treatment of mental disorders through psychological rather than medical means, including talk therapy.
The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of populations through education, policy-making, and research for disease prevention.
Blockage of a pulmonary artery, usually by a blood clot from deep veins, causing sudden shortness of breath and chest pain.
The medical specialty dealing with diseases of the respiratory system, lungs, and airways, including asthma, COPD, and pneumonia.
A non-invasive method measuring blood oxygen saturation using a sensor on the finger or ear.
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation — a first-aid approach for acute soft tissue injuries.
A nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation.
Use of high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors.
The medical specialty using imaging technologies such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound to diagnose and treat diseases.
A type of clinical trial in which participants are randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the control group to minimize bias.
The process of restoring health, function, and well-being through physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other medical interventions.
A hormone system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance through angiotensin and aldosterone.
The structured process of safely resuming sport after injury based on medical clearance and functional criteria.
An autoimmune inflammatory arthritis causing symmetric joint pain, swelling, and progressive joint destruction.
The branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases affecting joints, muscles, and connective tissues, including arthritis and lupus.
A chronic psychiatric disorder involving distorted thinking, hallucinations, and reduced emotional expression.
Systematic testing of asymptomatic populations to detect disease early, such as mammography or colonoscopy screening.
A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain causing changes in behavior, movements, or consciousness.
Statistical measures of a diagnostic test's ability to correctly identify disease (sensitivity) and rule it out (specificity).
A life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the body's dysregulated response to infection.
An unintended effect of a drug occurring at therapeutic doses, which may be mild or severe.
Non-medical factors such as income, education, housing, and environment that influence health outcomes.
A pulmonary function test measuring the volume and flow of air during breathing to diagnose asthma and COPD.
A branch of medicine dealing with physical fitness, treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise.
Stretching or tearing of ligaments connecting bones at a joint.
A drug class lowering cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cardiovascular disease risk.
Undifferentiated cells capable of developing into specialized cell types, holding significant promise for regenerative medicine and therapy.
A screening test detecting hidden blood in stool, used for colorectal cancer screening.
Injury to a muscle or tendon caused by overstretching or excessive force.
Interruption of blood supply to the brain causing brain cell death; includes ischemic and hemorrhagic types.
A condition involving compulsive use of substances despite harmful consequences, including alcohol and drug dependence.
Thoughts of ending one's own life, requiring urgent clinical assessment and intervention.
The continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning and evaluation of public health practice.
Stitches used to close wounds or surgical incisions, promoting healing and reducing infection risk.
The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters transmit signals.
A rigorous and structured review of all available research evidence on a specific clinical question, following a predefined methodology.
An autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs, causing fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes, and organ inflammation.
The remote delivery of healthcare services using telecommunications technology, enabling diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring from a distance.
Degenerative or overuse injury of a tendon causing pain and reduced function, e.g., Achilles or rotator cuff.
The ratio between the toxic dose and the therapeutic dose of a drug, used as a measure of the relative safety of the drug.
A blood test measuring pituitary hormone that regulates thyroid function, used to diagnose hypo- and hyperthyroidism.
Surgical removal of the tonsils, often performed for recurrent infections or obstructive sleep apnea.
A drug applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes for local effect.
Surgical creation of an opening in the trachea to establish an airway for breathing.
A cardiac biomarker released when heart muscle is damaged, essential for diagnosing myocardial infarction.
A bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, spread through airborne droplets and treatable with prolonged antibiotic therapy.
An autoimmune condition destroying insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, requiring lifelong insulin therapy.
A metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often linked to obesity and lifestyle.
The administration of a vaccine to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen, preventing infectious diseases.
Administration of a vaccine to stimulate protective immunity against specific infectious diseases.
A biological preparation providing active acquired immunity to a specific infectious disease.
A highly contagious viral infection causing an itchy rash and fever, preventable by vaccination.
The surgical specialty treating diseases of the arteries and veins, including aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, and varicose veins.
Illness caused by pathogens transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas, e.g., malaria and Lyme disease.
A blood vessel returning deoxygenated blood toward the heart (except pulmonary veins).
A fat-soluble vitamin essential for calcium absorption, bone health, and immune function; deficiency is common.
Insufficient intake or absorption of vitamins leading to specific clinical syndromes such as scurvy or rickets.
